The Differences between "Un" and "Dis" (Morphology)

INTRODUCTION

1.1.The Reasons

There are many people does not know when the negative prefixes ‘dis’ and ‘un’ are use, and where to apply the negative prefix ‘un’ and ‘dis’ correctly. And many people debated about that, because of ‘dis’ and un’ have a similar meaning.

1.2.Theory

Ø  English Prefixes are affixes (bound morphemes that provide lexical meaning) that are added before either simple roots or complex bases (or operands) consisting of (a0 a root and other affixes, (b) multiple roots, or (c) multiple roots and other affixes. Example or these follow:

·         Undo (consisting of prefix un- and root do)

·         untouchable (consisting of prefix un-, root touch, and suffix -able)

English words may consist of multiple prefixes: anti-pseudo-classicism (containing both an anti- prefix and a pseudo- prefix). In English, all prefixes are derivational. (Wikipedia.com)

Ø  John in the Web Page “Pain In the English” said that English has 2 “un-“ prefixes. One means ‘not’ or ‘opposite’, as in unclean and unsatisfied. And the other indicates a reverse of the action, as in untie. And “dis-“ means ‘not’, absence of, opposite of, and reverse. So the meanings are very similar.

Ø  The phonological status of the affixes is characterized by the absence of an independent form and the impossibility to make a pause between them and the stem they attach to the affixes can be used with any verb or adjective, and cannot be used with any other word class. An exception is the superlative marker anà-, which can only attach to adjectives. All of them are used in any variety of the language with high frequency, with the exception of kànà- and -de. Stacking (i.e. adding more than one prefix to a verb) is not possible (cf. Slomanson 2006:144).

Ø  This prefix is used to mark events as occurring in the past (Smith & Paauw 2006:166)

FIND/ DISCUSSION

            There are many kinds of negative prefixes, such as in, un, dis, a, il, ir. The prefix in- can be assimilated: il- before an l; im- before b, m or p; ir- before r. the prefix dis- is of Latin origin, where it had privative, negative, or reversing force. a- is the trickier of all, because it has many origins and variants. In the sense of “not” or “without”, a- comes from the Greek, where it had the same meaning.

English has 2 "un-" prefixes. One means not or opposite, as in unclean, unsatisfied, and the other indicates a reverse of the action, as in untie. "dis" means not, absence of, opposite of, reverse. So the meanings are very similar. (John. 2008). In the same time David argued that the prefix "dis" can be read as "not very much," and the prefix "un" (for these words) can be read as "not at all.",

ü  Dis-" is also a Latinate prefix, but it often means more than the simple negation of "un-". With verbs it may imply some action (often of removal) employed to create a negative state or the absence of something. The difference is usually more obvious in the past participle. Usually the form with "un-" cannot even be used as a verb.

Arm / disarm (remove weapons from)

Unarmed - not carrying a weapon

Disarmed - having had one's weapon( s) taken away

Infect / disinfect (remove possible sources of infection)

Uninfected - not having an infection

Disinfected - having had possible sources of infection removed

Qualify / disqualify (remove from competition or consideration)

Unqualified - not having the proper qualities or qualifications

Disqualified - judged to be unqualified; having been removed from consideration.

ü  "un-" is the native English prefix for negation, but it combines freely with nonnative roots as well. It is the most used prefix of its kind. It is used with verbs, adjectives, and adverbs, but also sometimes with abstract nouns -- not with concrete nouns ("*an unchair", "*an unbowl"). It can indicate simple negation (adjective) ("happy / unhappy") or it can indicate reversal of a process (verb) ("lock / unlock").

able / unable || tidy / untidy || cooperative / uncooperative || safe / unsafe ||
helpful / unhelpful || grateful / ungrateful || likeable / unlikeable || suitable / unsuitable || kind, unkind

Whenever there is a common word which is the opposite, the "un-" form does not exist: high / low (*unhigh, *unlow) fast / slow (*unfast, *unslow). But speakers sometimes mistakenly use such forms as "unthaw" for "thaw" (freeze / thaw, *unfreeze / *unthaw) or "unloosen" for "loosen" (tighten / loosen, *untighten, *unloosen).

Pack / unpack || dress / undress || screw / unscrew || wind / unwind || tie / untie || roll / unroll || veil / unveil || cover / uncover

(Note how many of these form phrasal verbs with "up", e.g., dress up, wind up, tie up, roll up, cover up.)

In traditional English usage, "dis" applies to nouns, "un" applies to verbs. Thus, when I am "unsatisfied", I am in a state of "dissatisfaction". I cannot be "dissatisfied"; I can only be "unsatisfied".

v  Lexical Tools Derivations

Prefix	Sense	Example
	Not, opposite of	Disloyal, disagree
Dis-	Reverse action, get rid of	Disconnect, disinformation
	Apart	Dissect
Un-	Not, opposite	Unnecessary, unequal, unfasten, unbuckle, uncover, unwrap
	Reverse action, deprive of, release from	Undo, untie, unwind, unbind, unfold

v  Many speakers distinguish between disorganized and unorganized.

Disorganized applies to the sort of person who stuffs receipts into the sock drawer and can never find the car keys. Unorganized applies to things which have not yet been arranged in an organized manner. By this reasoning, a person would be disorganized, but an office would be unorganized.

Example: "Unorganized": No one has ever organized my bookshelves. They are unorganized.
"Disorganized": I dumped my purse on the floor in a desperate search for my keys. Now the contents are disorganized.

v  Words that take dis- and un- as a negative prefix may begin with a vowel or a consonant.

Affirmative	Negative
Agree	Disagree
Comfort	Discomfort
Mount	Dismount
Orient	Disorient

Affirmative	Negative
Able	Unable
Interesting	uninteresting
Usual	Unusual
comfortable	Uncomfortable
Helpful	Unhelpful
Prepared	Unprepared

CONCLUSSION

There are no rules to apply the negative prefixes (un and dis), we just have to use the dictionary. The negative prefix un- means “not at all”, and dis- means “opposite of”. The negative prefix Dis- is stronger degree of negation than Un-. “Un-” used with verbs, adjectives, and adverbs, but also sometimes with abstract nouns. And “Dis-” used with verb.

REFERENCES

Phyllis.24^th September, 2008. “UnVSDis”. Accessed on 29^th march, 2014. Fron http://painintheenglish.com/case/3431/

Vilk.9^th oct,2001.”BoundMorpheme”. accessed on 31^st march, 2014.from http://everything2.com/title/bound+morpheme

Anonym.March,2009.“Origins of negative prefixes like in-, un-, il-, ir-, dis-, a-“.Accessedon29^th march, 2014. From http://www.englishforums.com/English/PrefixesNegativePrefixes/wvkl/post.htm

Anonym. 2012. “Lexical Tools”. Accessed on 29^th march, 2014. From http://lexsrv3.nlm.nih.gov/LexSysGroup/Projects/lvg/2012/docs/designDoc/UDF/derivations/prefixList.html

Laura K Lawless. E Learning English Language. “Negative Prefixes”. Accessed on 31^st march, 2014. From http://www.elearnenglishlanguage.com/blog/learn-english/grammar/negative-prefixes/

John Atkinson. March 25, 2011. My English Class. “Negative Prefix Before Adjectives”.accessed on march 30,2014. From http://inmadom-myenglishclass.blogspot.com/2011/03/negative-prefixes-before-adjectives.html

Roger Smith. “Prefixes Un- and Dis-“. Accessed on march 29, 2014. From http://www.spelling.hemscott.net/prefix2.html

Anonymous. “Prefixes, how and where to use negative prefixes like un-,dis,non-,etc?”. accessed on march 30, 2014. From http://www.englishforums.com/English/PrefixesNegativePrefixes/wvkl/post.htm

Maeve Maddox. DailyWrittingTips. “the Different Between un- and dis-“. Accessed on march 29, 2014. From http://www.dailywritingtips.com/the-difference-between-un-and-dis/

 

The Existence of Transgender in Indonesia

Have you ever listened about “Transgender”? Transgender means someone who decides to change their gender from man becomes a woman, and vice versa. Today, the number of transgender increases, in the western country that does the transgender mostly. Indonesia has also a considerable number of transgender, though not as much as in other countries, but it raises a lot of pros and cons. The main cause is, Indonesia is a majority of Muslim, but also has a human right commission. Related to this case, there are many supportive and also refused, therefore it will an interesting topic of discussion. This paper discusses the reasons why people change their gender, and the supports and also rejections of the transgender.

Some people think that change their gender is the best choice when they feel trapped in a bodies that is different to how they feel inside or in other word they feel they were born in wrong gender, means they psychology does not accept their physical growth. The people who are transsexual will frustrate, they will be experiencing spiritual and emotional struggle that really heavy; as a result they do transgender.  This is supported by arguments of J.P. Chaplin in the Dictionary of Psychology (1981) “a person who is transsexual have a desire to get rid her/his genitals and living with the opposite sex, the existence ofphysical appearanceintersexorgeneticabnormal; tothe discovery ofmental disorderssuch asschizophrenia”.Further to doctor Maya Tri Siswati as a clinic manager of PKBI (Perkumpulan Keluarga Berencana Indonesia), she argued that the reason why people decided to change their gender because they are uncomfortable with their genitals and hate their current genders, as a result they try to hide their breast or something which is show their real gender.

As the same time, Ghazal Gi argued that “some people do the transgender for just a change, they are bore from they are current gender”. In western culture probably it is reasonable, but seen from view of the eastern especially in Indonesia which is a muslim majority country it will be unacceptable reason. Although many reasons that cause people decide to change their gender is reasonable, but there are many people who reject them. Furthermore, there are some factors from the outside such as playmate who has an abnormal sex, family members whose are women, or because of trauma sex from her/his partner.

Indonesia is not a country that adheres to Islamic law, but Indonesia is the majority of Islamic countries that really holds the religion. It makes the most of Indonesian rejected the transgender, because it is extremely deviate from religion, and violate the rule of God.Gender is already determined by the nature of Allah, men and women. As indicated, Prophet Muhammad SAW hadith "Allah curses those men who make themselves resemble women or those women who make themselves resemble men." (Narrated by Imam Ali). It is clearly in HR. Imam Ali that Allah would really curse people who violate and deny the ordinance of Allah.

In the same way, Indonesia also has customs, and norms order that is already at society since before. Indonesian norms are also refer to religion order, and if it breached it will wreck the nation morals. Consequently, transgender is not in accordance with the customs, and norms in Indonesia. The chairman of Pengurus Pusat HAM Islam Indonesia (PUSHAMI), M Hariadi ‘Ombat’ Nasution claims that there is no right for a person to behave deviate, and they will be protesting to everyone who supports the transgender, including the Human Right Commission if it is really accommodate LGBT (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender).

On the other hand, Indonesia has a state institution, one of it is human rights commission.“Human rights or human rights are fundamental rights or fundamental carried by humans from birth as a gift of God and creation God”. (Kansil & Kansil 2003: 11). The denial of human rights is to deny human dignity. All the obligation to recognize and protect every human being. For this reason, transgender asking to be recognize and security guaranteed; given the opportunity for expression, and other right as other citizen. It is because of the equal rights for transgender issues are still not addressed, and has resulted in the increasing level of violence on transgender. Evidence of this can be seen in the work by a first research report on the living conditions of the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender and Intersex (LGBTI) in Indonesia, reported that the LGBTI community is a group of highly vulnerable to violence and discriminatory measure, either of civil society from the security forces and law enforcement.

An addition, The National Coordinator for Indonesia LGBTI forum, Yuli Rustinawati said all violence is in getting by transgendered provide negative impact, such as physical, psychological, sexual, economic, and social. This indicates that there are still a lack of acceptance, appreciation, recognition, and protection against transgender. It should be noted that one of the factors to be transgender person is the environment, we are also categorize as their environment. Thus, we could not excommunicate them and it support by Ira Paramastri as a psychologist suggested that we should accept it wholeheartedly if a child or family member be LGBT. Because they will be very depressed when they have to adapt to their identity but do not have the support of family, even their family.

There are several factors which underlie a person doing transgender, such as from her/himself or from the social or environment. Transgender raises a lot of pros and cons, there are also supports and rejections. Nevertheless, the number of transgender increases day by day, it is because of in Indonesia there are human rights commission that is protect the right of every human.Although transgender in Indonesia is not as much as in other country, such as in western country, but Indonesia is majority of muslim and has norms and customs that related with the religion which is really opposite with transgender.

REFERENCES

J.P Chaplin. Dictionary of psychology. 1981

Ayu Rachmaningtyas. 29^th of Mei 2013. Kekerasan terhadap LGBTI memberi dampak negative. Accessed on 26^thMarch, 2014. From http://nasional.sindonews.com/read/2013/05/28/15/743683/kekerasan-terhadap-lgbti-memberi-dampak-negatif

Zahira Oktrabiul.N.D. Pelanggaran Hak Asasi Manusia Terhadap Kaum Homoseksual, Biseksual, dan Transgender di Indonesia. Accessed on26^th of March, 2014. From http://www.academia.edu/5661698/Pelanggaran_Hak_Asasi_Manusia_Terhadap_Kaum_Homoseksual_Biseksual_dan_Transgender_di_Indonesia?login=&email_was_taken=true

Setiawan Budi Utomo.  12^th of august, 2009 . Fenomena Transgender dan Hukum Operasi Kelamin. Accessed on 26^th of March, 2014. From http://www.dakwatuna.com/2009/08/12/3427/fenomena-transgender-dan-hukum-operasi-kelamin/#axzz2wnGCSVbu

Laily Andini. Maraknya Fenomena Lesbian Dan Gay di Indonesia. Accessed on 1^st of April. From http://m.kompasiana.com/post/read/619262/1

Anonymous. why people change their gender. Accessed on 1^stof April, 2014. From http://relationships.blurtit.com/126354/why-people-change-their-gender

Anonymous. 13^th of September, 2012.KAMMI Tolak Gay dan Kamu Transgender. Accessed on 1^st april, 2014. From http://www.jpnn.com/read/2012/09/13/139617/KAMMI-Tolak-Gay-dan-Kaum-Transgender-

Social Forum. Should everyone have the right to change their gender whenever they want?. Accessed on 1^st april, 2014. From http://www.debate.org/opinions/should-everyone-have-the-right-to-change-their-gender-whenever-they-want

Anonymous. 4^th of November 2004. TRANSGENDER & OPERASI KELAMIN DALAM PANDANGAN ISLAM. Accessed on 26^th march, 2014. From

politikislam123.wordpress.com/2010/11/04/transgender-operasi-kelamin-dalam-pandangan-islam