Paper
Sociolinguistics:
Language Variation; Focus on Users
(Regional and social Dialects, Ethnicity and Social Network)
By:
Indry Frisiskawaty Ibrahim H
Agustin Is Saidi
Ayu Rahayu Gaga
GORONTALO STATE UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF LETTERS and CULTURE
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
2014
PREFACE
Praise
our gratitude give to Allah SWT, because the presence of permissions and power,
then we can finish this paper in the form of a report. This report on the
Arrange by sources we've been looking for, for the purpose of fulfilling the
task of ' sociolinguistic '. The study of the material in this report always
refers to the destination. We recognize that in drawing up this report there
are still deficiencies, therefore the criticisms and suggestions from various
parties build we will accept with pleasure. we hope this report can benefit all
readers in order to broaden knowledge of the study material that we serve.
Written by :
Group 4
CONTENT
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PREFACE
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CONTENT
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BAB I : INTRODUCTION
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1.1.Introduction
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1.2.Problem Statement
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1.3.The Purposes and benefits
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BAB II : DISSCUSION
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2.2. Religion and Social Dialects
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2.3. Ethnicity and Social Networks
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BAB III : Conclusion
and Suggestion
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3.1.Conclusion
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3.2.Suggestion
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REFERENCES
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BAB I
INTRODUCTION
1.1.Introduction
People often use a
language to signal their membership on particular groups, social status, sex,
age, ethnicity, and the kinds of social network belong to turn out to be
important dimension of identity in many communities. No two people speak
exactly the same; there are infinitive sources of variation in speech. Some
features of speech are shared by groups and became important because they
differentiate one group to another. Speech provides social information like in
England, dropping the initial [h] in word like house often indicates a lower
socio-economic background.
Many ethnic
groups use a distinctive language associated with their ethnic identity. Where
a choice of language is available for communication, it is often possible for
an individual to signal their ethnicity by the language they choose to use.
Even when a complete conversation in an ethnic language is not possible, people
may use short phrases, verbal fillers or linguistic tags, which signal
ethnicity.
1.2. Problem statements
a. What are regional and social dialects?
b. What is ethnicity and social networks?
1.3.The Purposes and the Benefits
This paper aims to increase knowledge and student grasp about
regional, social dialects, ethnicity and social network. And how the fourth
language variation focuses on users. Tells about this problem, we as a student
more understand how the language works in every ethnic, and we more respect
that language distinguish.
BAB II
DISCUSSION
DISCUSSION
2.1. Regional and
social dialects
Regional Dialect: Regional
Dialect is variety of language that used on society based on the existing one
place and where the language comes from.
A regional
dialect is a variation in speaking a language associated with place and it is an easy way of observing
variety in language. Traveling throughout a wide geographical area where a language is spoken, one notices differences in
pronunciation, the choices of words and syntax.
Example of
Regional Language: an example of Ambon Language, in Ambon we must use Ambon
language as our everyday language and use Ambon Language to socialize with
others
Social dialect: a variety of language that reflects social
variation in language use, according to certain factors related to the social
group of the speaker such as education, occupation, income level (upper-class
English, middle-class English and lower-class English. For example:
Standard English can be classified as a type of social English spoken by the
well-educated English speakers throughout the world.
The term dialect may be used to describe differences in
speech associated with various social groups or classes. The problem of
defining social group or social class and giving proper weight to the factors used to determine
social position, e.g., occupation, education, income, caste, etc. These factors
are related to how people speak. There are British ‘public-school’ dialect and
also an ‘African American Vernacular English’ dialect. People have stereotypical notions of how other
people speak. Social dialects can indeed be described systematically.
Social dialects originate among social
groups and are related to a variety of factors (social class, religion, and
ethnicity). In Baghdad, the Christian, Jewish, and Muslim inhabitants speak
different varieties of Arabic.
The first two groups use their variety solely within the group, but the Muslim
variety serves as a lingua franca, or common language, among the groups. Ethnic
variation can be seen in the United States. Speakers of Jewish and Italian
ethnicity in New York differentiate themselves from speakers of the standard
variety. Italians pronounce bad with the vowel of beard, and Jews pronounce dog with the vowel of boo
Regional
dialects are geographically based; social dialects originate from social groups
and depend (tergantung) on a variety of
factors.
·
regional differences in speech are often
interpreted as interesting, even charming, whereas socially and ethnically related
differences are taken much more seriously, as speakers may be judged on
capabilities ranging from intelligence to employability and personal attributes
such as morality
·
social class distinctions ultimately (akhirnya)
based on ‘status’ and ‘power’
o
status: amount (jumlah) of respect and
deference accorded (disetujui) to a person
o
Power: social and material resources a
person can command to make decisions and influence events. (sumber daya sosial
dan bahan seseorang dapat perintahkan untuk membuat keputusan dan mempengaruh
peristiwa).
Ø Example
of regional
Ø Example
of social dialect
a)
Regional
Variation
·
Regional
accent
·
Dialect
Standard language
o
Accent:
aspect of pronounciation which identify where an individual speakers is from,
regionally, socially. (mengidentifikasi dari mana seseorang
berasal).
o
Dialect:
features of grammar and vocabulary as well as aspect pronaunciation.
(seperti
halnya aspek pronunciation)
From
a linguistics point of view no one variaty is ‘better’ then another.
From
a social point view, some varieties are more prestigious.
b)
Social
Variation
o
Social
dialect: varieties of language used bye groups defined according to class,
education, occupation, age, sex and other social parameters.
Example: the influence of
written language in educated speakers. The importance of U-English.
o
Occupation
and social class: affect the speech of individuals.
Example: ‘Jargon’
o
Age:
within the same social class, differences may correlate with the age or sex of
the speakers.
Example:
Grandparent-grandchild time span.
o
Ethnic
background: Black English absence of the copula-linking verb
(grammar) (you crazy).
o
Style
and Register: variation due the field, domain or specialty of the users due to
their occupation.
o
Idiolect:
the personal dialect of each individual speaker of a language.
(dialect pribadi dari masing2 pembicara dalam suatu bahasa)
2.2 Ethnicity
and Social network
1.
Etchnicity
Many ethnic groups use a distinctive
language associated with their ethnic identity. Where a choice of language is
available for communication, it is often possible for an individual to signal
their ethnicity by the language they choose to use. Even when a complete
conversation in an ethnic language is not possible, people may use
short phrases, verbal fillers or linguistic tags, which signal ethnicity.
For Example: In New Zealand many Maori people
routinely use Maori greetings such as kia and ora, while speaking
in English, to signal their ethnicity.
American
Black English has some features which do not occur in standard American English,
and others which occurs very much less frequently in the standard dialect. These
linguistic differences act as symbols of ethnicity.
Black
English is heard especially in the northern cities of the united states. One of
its most distinctive features is the complete absence of the copula verb be in some social land linguistic
contexts
Consonant
cluster simplification is another feature which distinguishes the speech
of white and Afro-Americans. All English speakers simplify consonant
clusters in some contexts.
There
are a number of regional varieties of British Black English, such as Polly’s Midlands
variety and a London variety. The
function of these varieties as symbols of ethnicity among Black British people is, however,
quite clear
2.
Social Network
Networks in sociolinguistics refer to the pattern
of informal relationship people are involved on a regular basis.
Social network is a social structure
made up of a set of social actors (such as individuals or organization) and a
set of the dyadic ties between these actors. In the field of sociolinguistics,
social network is a term used to describe the structure of particular speech
community. Social network theory (sociolinguistic) posits that social networks,
and the interactions between members within the networks, are a driving force
behind language change.
Social networks: people
who are better integrated into a particular social network (close friends,
family, colleagues etc.) exhibit the linguistic characteristics of that group
much more strongly than others who have a more peripheral status.
Who we talk and listen to regularly is an important
influence on the way we speak (regular patterns of informal social
relationships among people.
There are
two technical terms which have proved very useful for describing different
types of networks:
1.
Density
refers to whether members of person’s network are in touch with each other
dense network, if someone and relations know and interact regularly with each
other, as well as with him. Less dense network, if someone and relations do not
know and interact regularly with each other, as well as with him.
2.
Plexity is
measure of the range of different types of transaction people are involved in
with different individuals. Uniplex relationship is one where the link with the
other person is in only one area. Multiplex relationships involve interactions
with others along several dimensions.
James Holmes was written in his paper that there are five
term in social network:
1.
Density: it refers to whether members of a person's network
are in touch with each other.
2.
Plexity: is a measure of the range of different types of
transaction people are involved in with different individuals.
3.
Uniplex
relationship: is one where
the link with the other person is in only one area.
4.
Multiplex
relationship: it involves
interactions with others along several dimensions.
5.
Community
practice: the activities that group
members share, and their shared objectives and attitudes (one belongs to many
communities of practice such as family, workgroup, sports team, etc).
BAB III
Conclusion and Suggestion
3.1. Conclusion
Based on that
discussion, we conclude that language is a communication media (verbal or
nonverbal) which using by every people in different areas, and as ethnic
identity; regional, social dialects, ethnicity, and social networks is the part
of that identity of language which using by the society groups in the world.
3.2. Suggestion
With this paper, we
hope that the reader can understand about language using by the groups of
society and give respect to that identity of language.
REFERENCES
English Department of TanjungPura University.
“Regional and Social Dialects” May 20, 2014. Web. Retrieved Maret 1, 2014. From
aSGuest137114.
“Ethnicity and Social Network”. Web. Retrieved Maret 1, 2014 from
Alzakera. “Sociolinguistics: Social Dialects” . July 22,
2012. Web. Retrieved Maret 1, 2014. From http://educationcing.blogspot.com/2012/07/sociolinguistics-social-dialects.html
Alzakera. “Sociolinguistics: regional Dialects” . July 22,
2012. Web. Retrieved Maret 1, 2014. From http://educationcing.blogspot.com/2012/07/sociolinguistics-regional-dialects.html
Rezza Toruk Anugerah. “Ethnicity and Social
Networks”. Web. Retrieved Maret 1, 2014. From http://www.scribd.com/doc/57198284/Ethnicity-and-Social-Networks
Anonym.
“Language and Ethnicity”. August, 2006. Web. Retrieved February, 2014. From http://www.cambridge.org/gb/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/sociolinguistics/language-and-ethnicity
Anomym.
“Regional and Social Dialect”. Mei 3, 2011. Web. Retrieved February, 2014 From
http://nyontekyuuk.blogspot.com/2011/05/regional-and-social-dialect-evidence.html
Michol
Hoffman “Ethnic Identity and Linguistic Variation in a Multicultural Context:
English in Toronto” . april 3, 2008. Web retrieved February, 2014 http://www.meertens.knaw.nl/ss17/contributions/abstract.php?paperID=312
Handout pdf “language variation” web march 21, 2014 from http://rua.ua.es/dspace/bitstream/10045/4332/15/Handout%205_Language%20Variation.pdf
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